Practical Approaches: Managing Heart Failure

MMVD is the most common cardiac disease in dogs, responsible for ~75% of cases of congestive heart failure (CHF). Prevalence across all dogs is estimated at 8.3%, rising significantly with age. While cause remains uncertain, both breed and sex predispositions are well established.
• Breed predispositions: Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), Dachshunds, toy poodles, Chihuahuas, miniature schnauzers, Pomeranians, Maltese, Boston terriers, among others.
• Age/sex influence: More common in older, small-breed dogs (<20 kg); males are affected ~1.5× more than females.
• Large breeds: Less frequently affected but progress more rapidly and more often develop myocardial failure.
• Cats: MMVD is rare.